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　　Negative Factual Information Questions，一般譯作否定事實(shí)信息題，有時(shí)也被稱(chēng)為反向事實(shí)信息題、排除列舉題或選非題，在閱讀十大題型中出錯(cuò)率一直較高。出錯(cuò)的原因，往往被簡(jiǎn)單歸結(jié)于“粗心大意”。誠(chéng)然，在其他題型的解答過(guò)程中，同學(xué)們往往都是在努力尋找與原文說(shuō)法最為接近的選項(xiàng)，而遇到否定事實(shí)信息題，由于思維慣性，在看到與原文說(shuō)法基本一致但本該被排除的選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候，往往會(huì)忘記題目中那個(gè)大大的EXCEPT或NOT，導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)選。

　　但是，只是說(shuō)不要“粗心大意”并沒(méi)有什么用，就像在穿越雷區(qū)的時(shí)候只是說(shuō)“要當(dāng)心哦”并沒(méi)有太多實(shí)際的幫助。只有當(dāng)我們了解到哪里可能埋雷，哪里可能會(huì)有陷阱，才更有可能避開(kāi)危險(xiǎn)，安全抵達(dá)目的地。而在否定事實(shí)信息題的解答過(guò)程中，對(duì)題型認(rèn)知不夠準(zhǔn)確是一些題目錯(cuò)誤率居高不下的主要原因。

　　而且這鍋還真得由ETS(即托福考試出題人)來(lái)背。在其出版的《托福考試官方指南》中，關(guān)于否定事實(shí)信息題的介紹如下：

　　Negative Factual Information Questions

　　These questions ask you to verify what information is true and what information is NOT true or not included in the passage based on information that is explicitly stated in the passage. To answer this kind of question, first locate the relevant information in the passage. Then verify that three of the four answer choices are true and that the remaining choice is false. Remember, for this type of question, the correct answer is the one that is NOT true.

　　簡(jiǎn)單翻譯就是，這類(lèi)題型要求你根據(jù)文章中所明確給出的信息判斷哪些選項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法是正確的，哪些是不正確或文章中未提及的。需要先在文章中定位相關(guān)信息，然后判斷哪三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法正確而哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。并且記住，對(duì)于這類(lèi)題型來(lái)說(shuō)，正確答案反而是那個(gè)說(shuō)法不正確的選項(xiàng)。

　　以上，同學(xué)們很容易得出的結(jié)論即是，為了答對(duì)否定事實(shí)信息題，我們需要排除三個(gè)與原文說(shuō)法一致的選項(xiàng)，找到那個(gè)說(shuō)法不一致，或未提及的選項(xiàng)。而在絕大多數(shù)時(shí)候，這個(gè)判斷選項(xiàng)的思路是正確的。例如在Spartina這篇文章中，有一道否定事實(shí)信息題：

　　Spartina alterniflora, known as cordgrass, is a deciduous, perennial flowering plant native to the Atlantic coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is the dominant native species of the lower salt marshes along these coasts, where it grows in the intertidal zone (the area covered by water some parts of the dayand exposed others).

　　According to paragraph 1, each of the following is true of Spartina alrerniflora EXCEPT:

　　A. It rarely flowers in salt marshes.

　　B. It grows well in intertidal zones.

　　C. It iscommonly referred to as cordgrass.

　　D. It occurs naturally along the Gulf Coast and the Atlantic coast of the United States.

　　正確答案A中的否定詞rarely使得該選項(xiàng)與原文第一句的說(shuō)法正好相反。

　　但是，有些題目之所以錯(cuò)誤率高，或同學(xué)們?cè)诖痤}的時(shí)候覺(jué)得難，覺(jué)得正確答案不好找，往往因?yàn)檫@些題屬于所謂的“例外”，即常規(guī)思路看似不適用的情況。有許多否定事實(shí)信息題，僅從選項(xiàng)的措辭來(lái)看，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)看似都與原文的某些內(nèi)容一致。而這是我們?cè)诮庾x官方指南的時(shí)候往往會(huì)忽略掉的一種可能性，也即是本文標(biāo)題中所指的“陷阱”。如果沒(méi)有意識(shí)到這種可能性的存在，遇到此類(lèi)題目的時(shí)候，出錯(cuò)的幾率自然大大提高。

　　例如以下這道經(jīng)典例題，來(lái)自Westward Migration這篇文章：

　　Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers—most of them farmers, some of them artisans—drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them acrossthe Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break there after lackedthe ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover,European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid;some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.

　　According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPT

　　A. the desire to move from one place to the next

　　B. the hope of improving their socioeconomic status

　　C. the opportunity to change jobs

　　D. the need to escape religious or political crises

　　本題正確答案D選項(xiàng)來(lái)自原文中的這句話(huà)The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. 很多同學(xué)在答題的過(guò)程中只記得看到了“因?yàn)樽诮袒蛘味w徙”這個(gè)內(nèi)容，從而認(rèn)為D選項(xiàng)與原文說(shuō)法一致，就想當(dāng)然的按照慣例排除了這個(gè)選項(xiàng)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)選。但只要稍微細(xì)心，就能夠意識(shí)到這是部分美國(guó)人的歐洲祖先遷移到美國(guó)的原因，而不是美國(guó)人西遷的原因，反而是可以直選的正確答案。

　　而另一道來(lái)自Role of Play in Development這篇文章的例題：

　　Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually veryactive, involving movement in space and, at times, noise making. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth orfor building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.

　　According to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPT

　　A. exposure to predators

　　B. abuildup of fat stores

　　C. a lossof fuel that could be used for growth

　　D. riskof injury from slipping or falling

　　正確答案B選項(xiàng)看似在文章中有直接對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容“building up fat stores”，但仔細(xì)閱讀會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，失去用以形成脂肪的能量才是玩耍的代價(jià)之一，而脂肪本身的積累并不是。甚至這里的B和C選項(xiàng)可視作一對(duì)矛盾選項(xiàng)，非此即彼，必有一為正確答案。

　　同樣，在Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia這篇文章中有一道題：

　　The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruptionor grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant land owners with a definite market orientation.

　　According to paragraph 5, each of the following contributed positively to theindustrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPT

　　A. Generally liberal trade policies

　　B. Huge projects undertaken by the state

　　C. Relatively uncorrupt governments

　　D. Relatively little social or political disruption

　　正確答案B選項(xiàng)也似乎與原文中的“grandiose state projects”一致，但聯(lián)系前半句話(huà)中的without就會(huì)意識(shí)到正好與問(wèn)題中的EXCEPT對(duì)應(yīng)，這個(gè)答案也是可以直選出來(lái)的。而這道題的B和C選項(xiàng)也是原文中的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，被處理成了正好矛盾的選項(xiàng)。

　　還有更多例題這里就不一一列舉了，而我們可以得出的結(jié)論是：否定事實(shí)信息題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，需要被排除的那三個(gè)一定與原文說(shuō)法一致，而需要被選出來(lái)的那個(gè)正確答案，由于選取的只是部分內(nèi)容，1)可能直接與原文矛盾，2)可能屬于完全未提及，甚至3)看似在原文中能夠找到對(duì)應(yīng)，實(shí)際內(nèi)容也符合題目，可以做直選。而意識(shí)到正確選項(xiàng)的這三種可能性，意識(shí)到否定事實(shí)信息題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)在原文中都可能有對(duì)應(yīng)，能幫助避免只憑借部分信息就認(rèn)定選項(xiàng)對(duì)錯(cuò)的這種“粗心大意”，也往往比僅僅采用排除法解題更有效率。

　　但是再仔細(xì)想想，任何題型的正確答案，不就應(yīng)該是符合題目要求的選項(xiàng)嗎。從這個(gè)角度來(lái)看，并不存在所謂的“例外”，無(wú)非是題目和選項(xiàng)的措辭，使得否定事實(shí)信息題的正確答案也可能與原文的某些內(nèi)容一致，剛好能夠回答問(wèn)題。

　　說(shuō)到底，仔細(xì)讀題目，仔細(xì)讀原文，仔細(xì)讀選項(xiàng)，句子要看完整，不要看一半就想當(dāng)然，等等這些最基本的要求，是在練習(xí)和考試中都要始終如一地堅(jiān)定貫徹執(zhí)行的。所謂的技巧，無(wú)非是對(duì)于各種規(guī)律和套路的總結(jié)。對(duì)于前人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，從來(lái)不是去盲目相信或生搬硬套，而是在反復(fù)驗(yàn)證的過(guò)程中，去完善和優(yōu)化，并最終成為自己可以熟練運(yùn)用的能力。