托福閱讀插入句子題如何破？
來源：互聯網
小編：天空 971托福閱讀插入句子題怎么做？每篇閱讀文章的倒數第二題為插入句子題。此題給出一個額外的句子，并且在原文的幾個句子間給出四個方塊，每個方塊分別代表前后兩個句子之間的空位。我們需將這個句子放入其中的某一個位置，作為最佳答案。
這種題長這樣：
Paragraph 8: Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. █But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. █It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. █The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away. █
13. Look at the four squares █that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away?
Where would the sentence best fit?
怎么做插入句子題？
題目給出的句子(后文直接稱之為“插入句”)能被放入其中一個位置的原因，就是這個句子與正確位置的前后文存在著某種語義上的聯系。在閱讀原文之前，若能根據一些信息詞找出這種聯系，并且推測前后文的信息，則我們在找答案的時候就會更準確。
做插入句子題時的步驟應該是醬紫的：
1)仔細閱讀插入句，準確理解句意
2)根據句內信息詞，推斷插入位置前或后可能出現的內容
3)尋找復合推測的位置
4)將句子放入，講插入句及前后兩句話連起來通讀一遍，檢驗是否流暢邏輯嚴謹、語意流暢
3. 信息詞是啥?如何根據這類詞推測?
插入句子題中出現的信息詞分兩類：1. 代詞;2. 邏輯詞
1)指代詞
這里的指代詞指的是：1. 代詞;2. 定冠詞the+名詞所組成詞。
代詞(Pronoun)是代替名詞或一句話的一種詞類。the+名詞的結構，在文中有時會起指代前文的作用。大部分出現指代詞的插入句子題非常簡單。
當題目的句子中出現指代詞，插入位置前面必然會提到其指代的內容。這個時候，若我們能根據代詞的種類、指代詞的詞義和插入句的句意推斷出指代的具體內容，那么只需要將插入句放入出現該內容的句子之后的位置，即可滿足指代關系，得到答案
# 情況1
如果四個位置中，只有一個位置前面出現句中指代詞的指代對象，則這個位置就是我們的正確答案。
例題如下：
At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. █ The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. █ In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. █ Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. █ The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.
This massive population began a century earlier as a mere twelve pairs of imported rabbits that reproduced quickly and developed into a major problem.
句中出現代詞“this massive population”，這巨大的群體數量來自于“twelve pairs of imported rabbits”，則插入位置前面必然提到巨大的兔群數量。
只有第一個位置前面的句子提到“hundreds of millions of European rabbits”，可以構成指代的對象。所以A就是妥妥的正確答案。
# 情況2(較少出現)
如果四個位置中有多個位置的前面存在著“可能成為”指代詞的指代對象的信息，那么往往只有其中一個內容能夠符合指代詞的“特性”。
例題如下：
While some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. █ All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century. █ However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. █ In view of their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is important to understand the sources of their success. █
During this period, Sweden had the highest rate of growth of output per capita of any country in Europe, and Denmark was second.
句中出現代詞“this period”，插入位置前面必然提到某一個時期。同時，我們還要注意，句子還提到，這個時期里Sweden和Denmark經濟發展特別好。
原文前三個位置之前的句子都提到了時期，分別是18世紀、19世紀上半葉和19世紀下半葉。然而前兩句話所說的時期中，Sweden和Denmark都是處在落后的位置。而第三句話however轉折之后的信息提到，19世紀下半葉，尤其是最后二三十年，它們(指的是Netherlands、Denmark、Norway和Sweden)發展特別快。也就是說，19世紀下半葉才是插入句中this period指代的內容，前兩個時期都不能復合指代內容的特性。所以C是正確答案。
# 情況3
有些插入句由于代詞性質比較特殊，又或對于代詞的描述信息較少，故無法直接準確的推測出代詞所指的內容，只能得到一個大概的方向。此時需要結合原文句意，逐個位置確認和排除。
例題如下：
The harsh conditions in deserts are intolerable for most plants and animals. Despite these conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a number of ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis; and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. █Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. █The distribution of plants within different areas of desert is also controlled by water. █Some areas, because of their soil texture, topographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually no water available to plants, whereas others do.█
For this reason, the total amount of plant material in a desert is often 100 times less than the amount of plant material in an equivalent area of temperate forest.
句中出現“for this reason”，前文所提到的信息導致“相同面積下，desert中的the total amount of plant material比temperate forest中的the total amount of plant material低100倍”。此時并不能直接得出this reason所指信息具體內容，但可知，該reason為插入句的原因，正確位置必然能滿足這個因果關系。
找到1、2位置之間的句子“Water controls the volume of plant matter produced.”。其中the volume of plant matter和the total amount of plant material意思相同，其次由于water的控制作用，確實會導致兩個水量不同的地區(desert和forest)產生差別，前后邏輯非常嚴謹，所以B是正確答案。
2)邏輯詞
邏輯詞僅僅是為了簡(zhuang)潔(bi)而起的一個名字，指的是能夠表示句間邏輯關系的那些詞，如however、but、therefore、also、then等等。
出現這些邏輯詞的時候，代表著插入句的句意和其前句或后句在信息上存在著某種邏輯關系。根據找到的邏輯關系，結合插入句的句意，可以大致推測一下前文或后文的句意，以此作為尋找正確答案的指向性信息。
例題1
Less colorful birds and animals that inhabit the rain forest tend to rely on forms of signaling other than the visual, particularly over long distances. █ The piercing cries of the rhinoceros hornbill characterize the Southeast Asian rain forest, as do the unmistakable calls of the gibbons. █ In densely wooded environments, sound is the best means of communication over distance because in comparison with light, it travels with little impediment from trees and other vegetation. █ In forests, visual signals can be seen only at short distances, where they are not obstructed by trees. █ The male riflebird exploits both of these modes of signaling simultaneously in his courtship display. The sounds made as each wing is opened carry extremely well over distance and advertise his presence widely. The ritualized visual display communicates in close quarters when a female has approached.
There is also the long, rather terrifying call of the male orangutan, which carries over considerable distances to advertise his presence.
句中出現“also”，根據句意，可以推測正確位置之前至少會提到與動物相關的某種特性，所以才會緊跟插入句所說的“also有雄性O動物的call”。發現第二個位置前面提到rhinoceros hornbill的叫聲cries和gibbons的喊聲calls，那么把插入句放到第二個位置，起到了進一步舉例說明的作用，滿足了also的關系，前后邏輯嚴謹。
例題2
Paragraph 1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. █ Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. █ However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.
Paragraph 2: █ During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. █The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.
