怎樣寫(xiě)好英語(yǔ)段落
來(lái)源：
小編： 139段落是文章縮影。寫(xiě)好了段落，就能比較成功地寫(xiě)出較好文章。經(jīng)過(guò)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)階段學(xué)習(xí)之后，大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作重點(diǎn)就從選詞造句轉(zhuǎn)移到了聯(lián)句成段和聯(lián)段成篇上。進(jìn)行段落層次上寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練，是寫(xiě)好英語(yǔ)文章關(guān)鍵一環(huán)。下面介紹是段落結(jié)構(gòu)。
段落（paragraph）是由表達(dá)單一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea）一組句子（包括主題句 topic sentence，推展句supporting sentences及結(jié)論句concluding sentence）構(gòu)成，是文章結(jié)構(gòu)基本獨(dú)立單位。本講我們將就主題句和中心思想這兩個(gè)方面展開(kāi)討論。
主題句與推展句
1、主題句
主題句（topic sentence）是表達(dá)段落主題句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都圍繞它展開(kāi)。請(qǐng)看下例：
My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don't argue with parents; they will think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Don't argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Don't argue.
主題句中提出“certain rules”是指什么？展開(kāi)句中通過(guò)四個(gè)“Don't argue --”逐一加以交代。從結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，這是一個(gè)比較典型段落，它包括了主題句，推展句和結(jié)論句（即本段中末句）。
1.1、主題句位置
主題句通常放在段落開(kāi)端，其特點(diǎn)是開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山地?cái)[出問(wèn)題，然后加以詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。其作用是使文章結(jié)構(gòu)更清晰，更具說(shuō)服力，便于讀者迅速地把握主題和想象全段內(nèi)容。主題句可以放在段中起到承上啟下作用，或放在段尾起概括全段作用。但初學(xué)者比較難于掌握，因而在四級(jí)考試中，考生應(yīng)盡量采用將主題句放在段落開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)作手法。
例1：Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods -- everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.
這段文字所講主要是能源問(wèn)題。第一句就概括性地提出“我們目前生活很大程度上依賴于能源”。而隨后出現(xiàn)三句都是具體事例，對(duì)第一句進(jìn)行說(shuō)明和論述。我們可以斷定第一句為該段主題句。
例2：（主題句）No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.（推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.（推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.
以上這段由三句話組成。第一句是主題句，直截了當(dāng)指出無(wú)人不受廣告影響這個(gè)主題，接著列舉兩個(gè)推展句對(duì)其補(bǔ)充和支持，指出我們已無(wú)法自由選擇所需商品，理由是廣告商已仔細(xì)研究了我們心理，并完全掌握了我們?nèi)觞c(diǎn)。句子銜接自然，步步緊扣主題。
1.2、 如何寫(xiě)好主題句中關(guān)鍵詞
段落主題句對(duì)主題限定主要是通過(guò)句中關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)表現(xiàn)。關(guān)鍵詞要盡量寫(xiě)得具體些。對(duì)“具體”要求包括兩個(gè)方面：一是要具體到能控制和限制段落發(fā)展；二是要具體到能說(shuō)明段落發(fā)展方法。準(zhǔn)確地把握關(guān)鍵詞是清楚地表達(dá)段落主題、寫(xiě)好段落主題句重要前提之一。在上面例1，例2中，主題句關(guān)鍵詞分別為：depends very much on energy; no one can avoid being influenced. 我們?cè)倏聪铝欣洌?BR>原句1：He can fix a bicycle himself.斜體部分應(yīng)為主題句中關(guān)鍵詞。但它只是限制了段落發(fā)展部分內(nèi)容，并沒(méi)有告訴讀者該用哪種方法展開(kāi)，是用因果關(guān)系法還是用分類(lèi)法？
修正：He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps.
修正：There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself.
原句2：She tries to improve her looks.斜體部分應(yīng)為主題句中關(guān)鍵詞。她試著改變她面容理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法來(lái)改善呢？我們無(wú)法從關(guān)鍵詞中清楚得知。
修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks.
修正：There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks。
1.3 、如何寫(xiě)好主題句中心思想
主題句由兩部分組成，即主題（topic）和中心思想（controlling idea）。中心思想作用是導(dǎo)向（control）和制約（limit）。我們前面談到關(guān)鍵詞就反映了中心思想。所謂導(dǎo)向就是規(guī)定段落發(fā)展脈絡(luò)，所謂制約就是限制主題覆蓋范圍，兩者不可分割。沒(méi)有導(dǎo)向，內(nèi)容就會(huì)離題或偏題；沒(méi)有制約，內(nèi)容就可能超出一個(gè)段落所能容納范圍。對(duì)于初學(xué)寫(xiě)作人來(lái)說(shuō)，“導(dǎo)向”重要性容易理解，但如果由他們自己來(lái)構(gòu)思一個(gè)主題句，就可能忽視“制約”這一面。例如：
There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.
本段主題句如果沒(méi)有in which 引出定語(yǔ)從句，那么two ways 不僅不能起制約作用，而且也不能起導(dǎo)向作用，句子本身讀起來(lái)也就使人覺(jué)得欠缺點(diǎn)什么。
Exercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape.“Exercise is beneficial”這是毫無(wú)疑義。但主題句中如不加上“to your heart”來(lái)加以 control 和 limit，那就流于空泛。因此，緊緊把握主題句中controlling idea導(dǎo)向和制約作用，是短文寫(xiě)作成功關(guān)鍵之一。
2、推展句
2.1、主要推展句
主要推展句（major supporting statement）主要特點(diǎn)是：圍繞段落主題句展開(kāi)每一個(gè)推展句本身都不要求作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明或證明，句與句之間關(guān)系是相互獨(dú)立又是互相連接。
例1：（主題句）There are several factors affecting climate.（推展句1）One factor is the mount of sunlight received.（推展句2）Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. （推展句3）The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land.（推展句4）In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.
主題句指出影響氣候幾個(gè)因素。然后用四個(gè)擴(kuò)展句說(shuō)明四種因素。第一種是太陽(yáng)光接收量，第二種是海拔高度，第三句和第四句分別是海洋和大氣環(huán)流因素。
2.2、次要推展句
次要推展句（minor supporting statement）是指對(duì)主要推展句作進(jìn)一步事實(shí)分析和舉例說(shuō)明。它從屬于某一個(gè)或某幾個(gè)推展句。
例 2：（主題句）I don't teach because teaching is easy for me.（主要推展句1）Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer.（主要推展句2）For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession.（次要推展句1）Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing.（次要推展句2）Sweaty-palm, because I'm always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am.（次要推展句3）Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.從屬于主要推展句2三個(gè)次要推展句起著解釋說(shuō)明作用，分別解釋red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach含義，這就更加形象生動(dòng)地證明了“teaching is not easy”這個(gè)主題。
2.3、主要推展句與次要推展句關(guān)系
主要推展句與次要推展句關(guān)系（relation）基本可以遵循下面“三部分”（three-part）規(guī)則。
1）、每個(gè)主要推展句都應(yīng)該是對(duì)主題句中表示主要思想關(guān)鍵詞直接、明確說(shuō)明。
2）、每個(gè)次要推展句都應(yīng)該說(shuō)明它主要推展句。
3）、含有討論說(shuō)明或分析問(wèn)題通常既要有主要推展素材，又要有次要推展素材。
2.4、寫(xiě)好推展句方法
主題句及關(guān)鍵詞確定后，開(kāi)始選擇和主題有關(guān)信息和素材。實(shí)質(zhì)上，針對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞測(cè)試每一個(gè)所選擇素材就是一個(gè)分類(lèi)過(guò)程。有一種常用方法就是句子展開(kāi)前加以設(shè)問(wèn)，然后解答，即設(shè)問(wèn)－解答（why-because）方法。下面我們通過(guò)舉例來(lái)看一看這種分類(lèi)過(guò)程是如何完成。例3：假設(shè)（suppose）Topic sentence: English is an international language?設(shè)問(wèn)（why）Why can we say English is an international language?
解答（because）Because: English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world.
Because: Over 70 percent of the world's mail is written in English.
Because: More than 60 percent of the world's radio programs are in English.
Because: Pakistan was once one of the British colonies.
Because: Many members of the International Language Society are selected from English-spoken countries.
從上面可以看出，最初三個(gè)推展句是和關(guān)鍵詞an international language一致。第四句和主題句不統(tǒng)一，盡管第四句會(huì)成為另一主題句（Many Pakistanis speak English）很好推展句。第五句說(shuō)服力不強(qiáng)。
當(dāng)然，在寫(xiě)成段落時(shí)，沒(méi)有必要在每個(gè)句子開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)上 "because"，但是，在動(dòng)筆展開(kāi)句子時(shí)，頭腦里要想著這個(gè)詞，這種檢驗(yàn)方法能幫助你把注意力集中在某個(gè)重心，圍繞主題思想層層展開(kāi)。
上面我們討論了主要推展句一種展開(kāi)方法。而展開(kāi)次要推展句方法與主要推展句類(lèi)似，這里我們就不再?gòu)?fù)述了。
段落發(fā)展手段及結(jié)尾段寫(xiě)法
在上一講我們講了主題句，推展句寫(xiě)法；這一講我們要進(jìn)一步來(lái)談一談段落發(fā)展幾種手段以及結(jié)尾段寫(xiě)法。段落發(fā)展幾種手段：
1、列舉法（details）
作者運(yùn)用列舉法，是通過(guò)列舉一系列論據(jù)對(duì)topic sentence中擺出論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉順序可以按照所列各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容相對(duì)重要性、時(shí)間、空間等進(jìn)行。
Yesterday as one of those aful days for me hen everything I did ent rong. First, I didn't hear my alarm clock and arrived late for ork. Then, I didn't read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting ith my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my ne skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that as in it. After lunch, my boss as angry because I hadn't gone to the meeting. Then I didn't notice a sign on a door that said "et Paint" and so I spoilt my jacket too. hen I got home I couldn't get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a indo to get in and cut my hand.
根據(jù)本段主題句中關(guān)鍵詞組everything I did ent rong，作者列舉了8點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，分別由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等連接詞語(yǔ)引出，使得該文條理清楚、脈絡(luò)分明、內(nèi)容連貫。常用于列舉法過(guò)渡連接詞有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。
2、舉例法（example）
作者通過(guò)舉出具體事例來(lái)闡述、說(shuō)明主題句內(nèi)容，嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法一種，它們區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過(guò)舉出典型事例來(lái)解釋作者觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。我們來(lái)看下面這個(gè)用舉例法展開(kāi)段落。
There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those ho enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a alk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go simming in the summer and go skating in the inter. In short, no matter hat their interests are, people can alays find more than one sports that are suitable to them.
本段采用了三個(gè)事例來(lái)說(shuō)明主題句中關(guān)鍵詞組different forms of exercises，這三個(gè)例子分別由連接詞for example, for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引導(dǎo)結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全段內(nèi)容。舉例法中常用連接詞有：for example（instance）, one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。
3、敘述法（narration）
敘述法發(fā)展段落主要是按照事物本身時(shí)間或空間排列順序，通過(guò)對(duì)一些特有過(guò)渡連接詞使用，有層次分步驟地表達(dá)主題句一種寫(xiě)作手段。用這種方法展開(kāi)段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物本末，從而可以使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章含義，例如：
In the flat opposite, a oman heard the noise outside. hen she looked out through the indo, she discovered that her neighbor as threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In anser to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen ent inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.
這段是按照事物發(fā)展先后順序，敘述從發(fā)現(xiàn)案情、報(bào)警、到警察趕到、包圍現(xiàn)場(chǎng)過(guò)程。全文脈絡(luò)清晰，敘述層次感強(qiáng)，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。常用于敘述法中過(guò)渡連接詞有：first, an the beginning, to start ith, after that, later, then, afterards, in the end, finally等。
4、對(duì)比法或比較法（comparison & contrast）
將同類(lèi)事物按照某種特定規(guī)則進(jìn)行比較分析是一種常用思維方法。通過(guò)對(duì)比，更容易闡述所述對(duì)象之間異同和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，例如：
The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits ork a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.
在這段文字上，作者為了突出電子計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)行速度之快，首先將它與人腦進(jìn)行了比較，“-- a thousand times faster than --”；而后，又將這一概念具體到了“a problem”上，通過(guò)對(duì)比使讀者從“-- a long time -- in one minute”上有更加直觀認(rèn)識(shí)。常用于對(duì)本法或比較法上過(guò)渡連接詞有：than, compared ith等。
5、分類(lèi)法（classification）
在闡述某一概念段落中，常用分類(lèi)法。通過(guò)對(duì)概念中所包括事物進(jìn)行分門(mén)別類(lèi)，分別加以敘述，使讀者有更為清晰認(rèn)識(shí)，如：
Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. hen there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in hich motions stand for letters, ords and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of hole ords are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, hoever, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, hile shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs.在該段中為了說(shuō)明topic sentence中“various forms of communication”，作者將其分為oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加闡述。采用這種方法段落并沒(méi)有標(biāo)志突出連接詞，所述各項(xiàng)均為平行并列關(guān)系，所以沒(méi)有明顯主次之分。
６、因果分析法（cause and effect）
在闡述某一現(xiàn)象段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如：
The role of omen in today's society is changing. One reason is that omen have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the omen's movement. Also, omen are aare of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of omen ho enter ne fields and interests serve as role models for other omen. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of omen and have begun to vie their independence positively.本段中，主題句提出了一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，推展句則對(duì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象原因作出各種解釋。 常用于因果分析法連接詞有：because, so, as a result等。
7、定義法（definition）
在科普文章寫(xiě)作中，定義法是必不可少。通過(guò)下定義，可以使讀者對(duì)該事物有一個(gè)更直接認(rèn)識(shí)。
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods ith feer orkers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".這一段文字使我們了解了“automation”和“Second Industrial Revolution”兩個(gè)概念，分別由“refers to”和“been called”引出。常出現(xiàn)在定義法中詞語(yǔ)有：refer to, mean, call等。
8、重復(fù)法（repetition）
句子一部分反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在段落中，這就是重復(fù)法。它往往造成一種步步緊逼氣氛，使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，有感染力。比如：
Since that time, hich is far enough aay from no, I have often thought that fe people kno hat secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I as in mortal terror of the young man ho anted my heart and liver; I as in mortal terror of my interlocutor ith the iron leg; I as in mortal terror of myself, from hom an aful promise had been extracted;該段中反復(fù)應(yīng)用了I as in mortal terror of …我經(jīng)常處于恐怖之中。以上，我們結(jié)合具體文章討論了展開(kāi)段落幾種方法。在實(shí)際寫(xiě)作中，我們往往不必拘泥于一種寫(xiě)作方法，而是將若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有聲有色。
結(jié)尾段
我們知道文章開(kāi)頭很重要，因?yàn)楹瞄_(kāi)頭可以吸引讀者、抓住讀者注意力。同樣，文章結(jié)尾也很重要，好結(jié)尾會(huì)使讀者對(duì)全文中心思想留下深刻印象，可以增添文章效果和說(shuō)服力，讓人深思，回味無(wú)窮。確切地說(shuō)，結(jié)尾作用就是概括全文內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章中心思想，使讀者加深印象；有時(shí)也用于展望未來(lái)，提出今后方向或令人深思問(wèn)題給讀者留下回味和思考余地。但是，如何才能寫(xiě)好英文短文結(jié)尾呢? 下面就介紹幾種寫(xiě)結(jié)尾段最常用方法：
1、重復(fù)中心思想: 回到文章開(kāi)頭闡明中心思想或主題句上，達(dá)到再次肯定和強(qiáng)調(diào)效果。
例1：A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it orth living.
例2：ith all these benefits, it is no onder that sports and games have no become more popular ith people than ever.
2、作出結(jié)論：文章最后用幾句話概括全文內(nèi)容，并進(jìn)一步肯定文章中心思想或作者觀點(diǎn)。
例1：In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knoledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.
例2：On the hole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toard TV. But e must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on ho e look at it.
3、應(yīng)用引語(yǔ)：用格言、諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)總結(jié)全文，既言簡(jiǎn)意賅又有更強(qiáng)說(shuō)服力。
例1：If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest ay to permanent success. Remember the famous saying. "God helps those ho help themselves."
例2：If e stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that can't be achieved. As an old saying goes: "Constant dropping of ater ears aay a stone."
4、用反問(wèn)結(jié)尾: 雖然形式是問(wèn)句，但意義卻是肯定，具有明顯強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，引起讀者思考。
例1：Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, hy should e not develop this ability as far as possible?
例2：So，hat can e benefit from ealth if e do not have health?
5、提出展望或期望: 表示對(duì)將來(lái)展望或期待讀者投入行動(dòng)。
例1：I am sure that Chinese ill become one of the most important languages in the orld in the next century. As China ill open further to the outside orld the language is sure to be spread orld idely.
例2： If everyone has developed good manners, people ill form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately toards others and social ethics people ill live in a better orld. ith the general mood of society improved, there ill be a progress of civilization.
以上介紹了幾種寫(xiě)結(jié)尾段最常用方法，但到底選擇何種方法結(jié)尾還得根據(jù)文體來(lái)決定。平鋪直敘記敘文，往往在故事或事實(shí)情節(jié)講完時(shí)文章也就自然結(jié)束了，而說(shuō)理性和邏輯性較強(qiáng)說(shuō)明文和議論文都應(yīng)有一個(gè)正式結(jié)尾。希望以上介紹幾種方法能對(duì)大家寫(xiě)好結(jié)尾有所幫助。
